Corrodable boring shoes for wellbore casing, and methods of forming and using such corrodable boring shoes

ABSTRACT

Earth-boring casing shoes include a crown configured for at least one of drilling and reaming a wellbore when the crown is attached to a section of casing and the casing is advanced into a wellbore. The crown includes a body comprising a corrodible composite material, and at least one cutting structure carried on the body. The casing shoes further include connection structure configured for attachment to a section of casing. Methods are used to form such casing shoes, and such casing shoes are used to install casing within wellbores.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to earth-boring shoes configured forattachment to a section of wellbore casing, to methods of manufacturingsuch earth-boring shoes, and to methods of adapting such earth-boringshoes for attachment to a section of wellbore casing.

BACKGROUND

The drilling of wells for oil and gas production conventionally employslongitudinally extending sections or so-called “strings” of drill pipeto which, at one end, is secured a drill bit of a larger diameter. Aftera selected portion of the borehole has been drilled, the borehole isusually lined or cased with a string or section of casing. Such a casingor liner usually exhibits a larger diameter than the drill pipe and asmaller diameter than the drill bit. Therefore, drilling and casingaccording to the conventional process typically requires sequentiallydrilling the borehole using drill string with a drill bit attachedthereto, removing the drill string and drill bit from the borehole, anddisposing casing into the borehole. Further, often after a section ofthe borehole is lined with casing, which is usually cemented into place,additional drilling beyond the end of the casing may be desired.

Unfortunately, sequential drilling and casing may be time consumingbecause, as may be appreciated, at the considerable depths reachedduring oil and gas production, the time required to implement complexretrieval procedures to recover the drill string may be considerable.Thus, such operations may be costly as well, since, for example, thebeginning of profitable production can be greatly delayed. Moreover,control of the well may be difficult during the period of time that thedrill pipe is being removed and the casing is being disposed into theborehole.

Some approaches have been developed to address the difficultiesassociated with conventional drilling and casing operations. Of initialinterest is an apparatus which is known as a reamer shoe that has beenused in conventional drilling operations. Reamer shoes have becomeavailable relatively recently and are devices that are able to drillthrough modest obstructions within a borehole that has been previouslydrilled. In addition, the reamer shoe may include an inner sectionmanufactured from a material which is drillable by rotary drill bits.Accordingly, when cemented into place, reamer shoes usually pose nodifficulty to a subsequent drill bit. For instance, U.S. Pat. No.6,062,326 to Strong et al. discloses a casing shoe or reamer shoe inwhich the central portion thereof may be configured to be drilledthrough. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,326 to Strong et al. disclosesa casing shoe that may include diamond cutters over the entire facethereof, if it is not desired to drill therethrough. Such reamers thatare configured for attachment to a casing string are referred tohereinafter as “reamer shoes.”

As a further extension of the reamer shoe concept, in order to addressthe problems with sequential drilling and casing, drilling with casingis gaining popularity as a method for initially drilling a borehole,wherein the casing is used as the drilling conduit and, after drilling,the casing is cemented into and remains within the wellbore to act asthe wellbore casing. Drilling with casing employs a drill bit that isconfigured for attachment to the casing string instead of a drillstring, so that the drill bit functions not only to drill the earthformation, but also to guide the casing into the wellbore. This may beadvantageous as the casing is disposed into the borehole as it is foamedby the drill bit, and therefore eliminates the necessity of retrievingthe drill string and drill bit after reaching a target depth wherecementing is desired. Such drill bits that are configured for attachmentto a casing string are referred to hereinafter as “drill shoes.”

As used herein, the terms “earth-boring casing shoes” and “casing shoes”mean and include any device that is configured for attachment to an endof a section of casing and used for at least one of drilling a wellbore,reaming a previously drilled wellbore, and guiding casing through apreviously drilled wellbore, as the section of casing to which thedevice is attached is advanced into a subterranean formation.Earth-boring shoes and boring shoes include, for example, drill shoes,reamer shoes, casing shoes configured to merely guide casing through awellbore and ensure that the wellbore diameter remains as drilled (i.e.,has not decreased as sometimes occurs in reactive or sloughingformations), and shoes that both drill and ream as casing to which theyare attached is advanced into a subterranean formation.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes earth-boring casingshoes that include a crown configured for at least one of drilling andreaming a wellbore when the crown is attached to a section of casing andthe casing is advanced into a wellbore. The crown includes a bodycomprising a composite material, and at least one cutting structurecarried on the body. The composite material of the body includes adiscontinuous metallic phase dispersed within a corrodible matrix phase.The discontinuous metallic phase comprises a metal or metal alloy, andthe corrodible matrix phase comprises at least one of a ceramic and anintermetallic compound. The casing shoes further include connectionstructure configured for attachment to a section of casing.

In additional embodiments, the present disclosure includes methods offorming an earth-boring casing shoe. In accordance with such methods, apowder comprising metallic particles coated with at least one of aceramic and an intermetallic compound is consolidated to faun a solidthree-dimensional body comprising a discontinuous metallic phasedispersed within a corrodible matrix phase. The metallic phase comprisesthe metallic particles, and the corrodible matrix phase comprises the atleast one of a ceramic and an intermetallic compound of the coating onthe metallic particles. The solid three-dimensional body is machined toform a crown of the earth-boring casing shoe. At least one cuttingstructure on the crown of the earth-boring casing shoe. A connectionstructure configured for attachment to a section of casing is alsoprovided on the earth-boring casing shoe.

Yet further embodiments of the present disclosure include methods ofcasing a wellbore. In accordance with such methods, a casing shoe havingat least one cutting structure is - mounted on an end of a section ofcasing. The section of casing with the casing shoe thereon into awellbore. A rate of corrosion of a body of the casing shoe within thewellbore is selectively increased to at least partially corrode the bodyof the casing shoe. Selectively increasing the rate of corrosion of thebody may comprise increase a rate of corrosion of a corrodible matrixphase comprising at least one of a ceramic and an intermetallic compoundin which a metallic phase is dispersed. An additional section of casingor drill pipe is advanced through the end of the section of casing andthe at least partially corroded body of the casing shoe.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing outand distinctly claiming what are regarded as embodiments of the presentinvention, the advantages of embodiments of this disclosure may be morereadily ascertained from the following description of certainembodiments of the disclosure when read in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a side view of an embodiment of a casing shoe that includes acasing bit crown comprising a corrodible composite material;

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional side view of the casing shoe of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a method that maybe used to faun a casing shoe like that shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a metallic particle that may be used toform the corrodible composite material of the crown of the casing shoeof FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 4 is a photomicrograph of a plurality of metallic particles likethat schematically illustrated in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a particle like that of FIG. 3, butincluding a coating thereon comprising an oxide and/or an intermetalliccompound, which may be used to faun the corrodible composite material ofthe crown of the casing shoe of FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 6 is a photomicrograph of a plurality of coated metallic particleslike that schematically illustrated in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a corrodible composite material of thecrown of the casing shoe of FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 8 is a photomicrograph of a corrodible composite material like thatschematically illustrated in FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 illustrates a shank attached to the casing shoe of FIGS. 1A and1B;

FIG. 10A is a side view of another embodiment of a casing shoe thatincludes a casing reamer crown comprising a corrodible compositematerial;

FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional side view of the casing shoe of FIG. 10A;

FIG. 11 illustrates a shank attached to the casing shoe of FIGS. 10A and10B;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a method that maybe used to install casing within a wellbore using a casing bit like thatshown in FIGS. 1A and 1B or like that shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B; and

FIG. 13 includes a first graph generally illustrating the weight loss ofthe crown of a casing shoe, such as the casing shoe of FIGS. 1A and 1Bor the casing shoe of FIGS. 10A and 10B, as a function of service timeof the casing shoe, and a second graph generally illustrating thestrength of the crown of the casing shoe as a function of the servicetime of the casing shoe.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Illustrations presented herein are, in some cases, not meant to beactual views of any particular material, casing shoe, or drillingassembly, but are merely idealized representations which are employed todescribe embodiments of the present disclosure. Elements common betweenfigures may retain the same numerical designation.

An embodiment of a casing shoe 10 is shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Thecasing shoe 10 includes a crown 12 configured for drilling a wellborewhen the crown 12 is attached to a section of casing and the casing isadvanced into a wellbore. Thus, the crown 12 includes at least onecutting structure 14 carried on a body 16 of the crown 12. The crown 12also includes connection structure 18 configured for attachment to asection of casing. As discussed in further detail below, at least aportion of the body 16 of the crown 12 comprises a composite materialthat may be selectively corroded after using the casing shoe 10 for aperiod of service time. Thus, after using the crown 12, the body 16 ofthe crown 12 may be selectively corroded and degraded within thewellbore to allow additional casing sections and/or drill pipe to beinserted through the wellbore through and beyond the casing shoe 10.

The composite material of the body 16 of the crown 12 may comprise acorrodible composite material as disclosed in, for example, one or moreof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/633,682 filed Dec. 8, 2009 andentitled NANOMATRIX POWDER METAL COMPACT; U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/633,686 filed Dec. 8, 2009 and entitled COATED METALLIC POWDERAND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME; U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/633,678 filed Dec. 8, 2009 and entitled METHOD OF MAKING A NANOMATRIXPOWDER METAL COMPACT; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/633,683 filedDec. 8, 2009 and entitled TELESCOPIC UNIT WITH DISSOLVABLE BARRIER; U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/633,662 filed Dec. 8, 2009 and entitledDISSOLVABLE TOOL AND METHOD; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/633,677filed Dec. 8, 2009 and entitled MULTI-COMPONENT DISAPPEARING TRIPPINGBALL AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME; U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/633,668 filed Dec. 8, 2009 and entitled DISSOLVABLE TOOL AND METHOD;and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/633,688 filed Dec. 8, 2009 andentitled METHOD OF MAKING A NANOMATRIX POWDER METAL COMPACT, thedisclosure of each of which application is incorporated herein in itsentirety by this reference.

In some embodiments, the body 16 of the crown 12 may comprise aplurality of blades 22 that define fluid courses 24 therebetween.Apertures 25 may be framed through the crown 12 for allowing fluid(e.g., drilling fluid and/or cement) to be pumped through the interiorof the casing shoe 10, out through the apertures 25 in the crown 12, andinto the annular space between the walls of the formation in which thewellbore is formed and the exterior surfaces of the casing shoe 10 andthe casing sections to which the casing shoe 10 may be attached. Forexample, the apertures 25 may comprise fluid passageways extendingthrough the body 16 of the crown 12. Optionally, nozzles (not shown) maybe secured to the crown 12 within the apertures 25 to selectively tailorthe hydraulic characteristics of the casing shoe 10. Cutting elementpockets may be formed in the blades 22, and cutting structures 14 suchas polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutting elements may be securedwithin the cutting element pockets.

Also, each of blades 22 may include a gage region 23 that togetherdefine the largest diameter of the crown 12 and, thus, the diameter ofany wellbore formed using the casing shoe 10. The gage regions 23 may belongitudinal extensions of the blades 22. Wear resistant structures ormaterials may be provided on the gage regions 23. For example, tungstencarbide inserts, cutting elements, diamonds (e.g., natural or syntheticdiamonds), or hardfacing material may be provided on the gage regions 23of the crown 12.

In additional embodiments, the crown 12 may comprise other cuttingand/or reaming structures such as, for example, deposits of hardfacingmaterial (not shown) on the exterior surfaces of the crown 12. Such ahardfacing material may comprise, for example, hard and abrasiveparticles (e.g., diamond, boron nitride, silicon carbide, carbides orborides of titanium, tungsten, or tantalum, etc.) embedded within ametal or metal alloy matrix material (e.g., an iron based, cobalt based,or nickel based metal alloy). Such deposits of hardfacing material maybe shaped into protruding cutting structures on the exterior surfaces ofthe crown 12.

With continued reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the connection structure 18on the casing shoe 10 may comprise, for example, a surface configured toabut against an end of a section of casing. In such embodiments, a weldgroove may be defined between the casing shoe 10 and the section ofcasing along an interface therebetween by the abutting surfaces of thecasing shoe 10 and the section of casing. The casing shoe 10 then may bewelded to the section of casing along the interface and weld fillermaterial may be deposited within the weld groove. In additionalembodiments, the connection structure 18 on the casing shoe 10 maycomprise a male or female threaded connector, such as a threaded pin ora threaded box having threads complementary to and configured to engagethreads on an end of a section of casing.

As previously mentioned, the body 16 of the casing shoe 10 may comprisea corrodible composite material. Referring briefly to FIG. 7, whichschematically illustrates how a microstructure of the corrodiblecomposite material of the body 16 may appear under magnification, thecomposite material of the body 16 may include a discontinuous metallicphase 26 dispersed within a corrodible matrix phase 28. In other words,the regions of the discontinuous metallic phase 26 may be cementedwithin and held together by the corrodible matrix phase 28.

The discontinuous metallic phase 26 may comprise a metal or metal alloy.In some embodiments, the metallic phase 26 may be formed from andcomprise metal or metal alloy particles. Such particles may comprisenanoparticles in some embodiments. In other words, the discontinuousregions of the metal or metal alloy may be formed from and compriseparticles having an average particle diameter of about one hundrednanometers (100 nm) or less. In other embodiments, the discontinuousregions of the metal or metal alloy may be formed from and compriseparticles having an average particle diameter of between about onehundred nanometers (100 nm) and about five hundred microns (500 μm),between about five microns (5 μm) and about three hundred microns (300μm), or even between about eighty microns (80 μm) and about one hundredand twenty microns (120 μm).

Suitable materials for the discontinuous metallic phase 26 includeelectrochemically active metals having a standard oxidation potentialgreater than or equal to that of Zn. For example, the discontinuousmetallic phase 26 may comprise Mg, Al, Mn or Zn, in commercially pureform, or an alloy or mixture of one or more of these elements. Thediscontinuous metallic phase 26 also may comprise tungsten (W) in someembodiments. These electrochemically active metals are reactive with anumber of common wellbore fluids, including any number of ionic fluidsor highly polar fluids, such as those that contain salts, such aschlorides, and/or acid. Examples include fluids comprising potassiumchloride (KCl), hydrochloric acid (HCl), calcium chloride (CaCl₂),calcium bromide (CaBr₂) or zinc bromide (ZnBr₂). Metallic phase 26 mayalso include other metals that are less electrochemically active thanZn.

The metallic phase 26 may be selected to provide a high dissolution orcorrosion rate in a predetermined wellbore fluid, but may also beselected to provide a relatively low dissolution or corrosions rate,including zero dissolution or corrosion, where corrosion of the matrixphase 28 causes the metallic phase 26 to be rapidly undermined andliberated from the composite material at the interface with the wellborefluid, such that the effective rate of corrosion of the compositematerial is relatively high, even though metallic phase 26 itself mayhave a low corrosion rate. In some embodiments, the metallic phase 26may be substantially insoluble in the wellbore fluid.

Among the electrochemically active metals, Mg, either as a pure metal oran alloy or a composite material, may be particularly useful for use asthe metallic phase 26, because of its low density and ability to formhigh-strength alloys, as well as its high degree of electrochemicalactivity. Mg has a standard oxidation potential higher than those of Al,Mn or Zn. Mg alloys that combine other electrochemically active metals,as described herein, as alloy constituents also may be particularlyuseful, including magnesium based alloys comprising one or more of Al,Zn, and Mn. In some embodiments, the metallic phase 26 may also includeone or more rare earth elements such as Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd and/or Er.Such rare earth elements may be present in an amount of about fiveweight percent (5 wt %) or less.

The metallic phase 26 may have a melting temperature (T_(p)). As usedherein, T_(p) means and includes the lowest temperature at whichincipient melting occurs within the metallic phase 26, regardless ofwhether the metallic phase 26 is a pure metal, an alloy with multiplephases having different melting temperatures, or a composite ofmaterials having different melting temperatures.

The corrodible matrix phase 28 has a chemical composition differing fromthat of the metallic phase 26. The corrodible matrix phase 28 maycomprise at least one of a ceramic phase (e.g., an oxide, a nitride, aboride, etc.) and an intermetallic phase. In some embodiments, thecorrodible matrix phase 28 may further include a metallic phase. Forexample, in some embodiments, the ceramic phase and/or the intermetallicphase of the corrodible matrix phase 28 may comprise at least one of anoxide, a nitride, and a boride of one or more of magnesium, aluminum,nickel, and zinc. If the corrodible matrix phase 28 includes a ceramic,the ceramic may comprise, for example, one or more of magnesium oxide,aluminum oxide, and nickel oxide. If the corrodible matrix phase 28includes an intermetallic compound, the intermetallic compound maycomprise, for example, one or more of an intermetallic of magnesium andaluminum, an intermetallic of magnesium and nickel, and an intermetallicof aluminum and nickel. The corrodible matrix phase 28 may comprise eachof magnesium, aluminum, nickel, and oxygen in some embodiments. As anon-limiting example, the corrodible matrix phase 28 may comprise eachof magnesium and oxygen, and may further include at least one of nickeland aluminum.

As a non-limiting example, in terms of elemental composition, thecorrodible matrix phase 28 may comprise at least about fifty atomicpercent (50 at %) magnesium some embodiments. The corrodible matrixphase 28 may further comprise from zero atomic percent (0 at %) to abouttwenty atomic percent (20 at %) aluminum, from zero atomic percent (0 at%) to about ten atomic percent (10 at %) nickel, and from zero atomicpercent (0 at %) to about ten atomic percent (10 at %) oxygen.

The corrodible matrix phase 28 may have a melting temperature (T_(C)).As used herein, T_(C) means and includes the lowest temperature at whichincipient melting occurs within the corrodible matrix phase 28,regardless of whether the matrix phase 28 is a ceramic, anintermetallic, a metal, or a composite including one or more suchphases.

The composite material of the body 16 may have a composition that willcorrode when exposed to a salt solution (e.g., brine) and/or an acidicsolution. Further, the corrosion mechanism may be or include anelectrochemical reaction occurring between one or more reagents in thesalt solution and/or acidic solution (i.e., a salt or an acid), and oneor more elements of the corrodible matrix phase 28. As a result of thereaction between the one or more reagents in the salt solution and/oracidic solution and one or more elements of the corrodible matrix phase28, the corrodible matrix phase 28 may degrade.

Although the composite material of the body 16 is corrodible, thecomposite material of the body 16 has an initial strength sufficientlyhigh to be suitable for use in the casing shoe 10 when the casing shoe10 is used to drill a wellbore. For example, in some embodiments, thecomposite material of the body 16 may have an initial compressive yieldstrength of at least about 250 MPa prior to exposure to any corrosiveenvironments. In some embodiments, the composite material of the body 16may have an initial compressive yield strength of at least about 300 MPaprior to exposure to any corrosive environments.

Further, in some embodiments, the composite material of the body 16 mayhave a relatively low density. For example, in some embodiments, thecomposite material of the body 16 may have a density of about 2.5 gm/cm³or less at room temperature, or even about 2.0 gm/cm² or less at roomtemperature.

Although not shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the composite material of the body16 optionally may further include additional reinforcing phases, such asparticles including a carbide, boride, or nitride of one or more oftungsten, titanium, and tantalum.

The composite material of the body 16, and a method of forming the body16 comprising the composite material, is described below with referenceto FIGS. 2 through 8. FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an embodimentof a method that may be used to form the body 16 of the casing shoe 10.Referring to FIG. 2, in action 100, a powder may be formed that includescoated particles. As discussed in further detail below, the particlesmay be used to form the discontinuous metallic phase 26 (FIG. 7) of thecomposite material of the body 16 of the casing shoe 10, and the coatingon the particles may be used to faun the corrodible matrix phase 28 ofthe composite material of the body 16 of the casing shoe 10.

To form the powder, a plurality of particles like particle 30schematically illustrated in FIG. 3 may be provided. In someembodiments, the particles 30 may comprise nanoparticles having anaverage particle diameter of about one hundred nanometers (100 nm) orless. In other embodiments, the particles 30 may have an averageparticle size (i.e., an average diameter) of between about one hundrednanometers (100 nm) and about five hundred microns (500 μm). Further,the particles 30 may have a mono-modal particle size distribution, orthe particles 30 may have a multi-modal particle size distribution. Theparticles 30 may have a composition as previously described withreference to the discontinuous metallic phase 2. Although the particle30 is schematically illustrated as being perfectly round in FIG. 3, inactuality, the particles 30 may not be perfectly round, and may have ashape other than round. FIG. 4 is a micrograph illustrating how theparticles 30 may appear under magnification. As shown therein, theparticles 30 (the dark shaded regions) may be of varying size and shape.

Referring to FIG. 5, the particles 30 may be coated with one or morematerials to form coated particles 32, each of which includes a corecomprising a particle 30 and a coating 34 thereon. As shown in FIG. 5,in some embodiments the coating 34 may comprise a plurality of layers36A, 36B, . . . 36N, wherein N is any number. In the particularnon-limiting embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the coating 34 includes fivelayers 36A-36E. The coating 34 may have a composition as previouslydescribed with reference to the corrodible matrix phase 28. Inembodiment in which the coating 34 includes a plurality of layers 36A,36B, . . . 36N, the layers 36A, 36B, . . . 36N may have the same ordifferent individual compositions. In embodiments in which the layers36A, 36B, . . . 36N may different individual compositions, eachindividual layer 36A, 36B, . . . 36N may have a composition aspreviously described with reference to the corrodible matrix phase 28.

In some embodiments, a first layer 36A may be selected to provide astrong metallurgical bond to the particle 30 and to limit interdiffusionbetween the particle 30 and the coating 34. A second layer 36B may beselected to increase a strength of the coating 34, or to provide astrong metallurgical bond and to promote sintering between adjacentcoated particles 32, or both. Further, in some embodiments, one or moreof the layers 36A, 36B, . . . 36N of the coating 34 may be selected topromote the selective and controllable dissolution or corrosion of thecoating 34, and the matrix phase 28 (FIG. 7) resulting therefrom, inresponse to a change in a property within a drilling fluid in awellbore. For example, any of the respective layers 36A, 36B, . . . 36Nof the coating 34 may be selected to promote the selective andcontrollable dissolution or corrosion of the coating 34 in response to achange in a property within a drilling fluid in a wellbore.

Where the coating 34 includes a combination of two or more constituents,such as Al and Ni for example, the combination may include variousgraded or co-deposited structures of these materials, and the amount ofeach constituent, and hence the composition of the layer, may varyacross the thickness of the layer.

In an example embodiment, the particles 30 include Mg, Al, Mn or Zn, ora combination thereof, and more particularly may include pure Mg or a Mgalloy, and the coating 34 includes an oxide, nitride, carbide, boride,or an intermetallic compound of one or more of Al, Zn, Mn, Mg, Mo, W,Cu, Fe, Si, Ca, Co, Ta, Re, and Ni.

In another example embodiment, the particles 30 include Mg, Al, Mn orZn, or a combination thereof, and more particularly may include pure Mgor a Mg alloy, and the coating 34 includes a single layer of one or moreof Al or Ni.

In another example embodiment, the particles 30 include Mg, Al, Mn orZn, or a combination thereof, and more particularly may include pure Mgor a Mg alloy, and the coating 34 includes two layers 36A, 36B includinga first layer 36A of aluminum and a second layer 36B of nickel, or atwo-layer coating 34 including a first layer 36A of aluminum and asecond layer 36B of tungsten.

In another example embodiment, the particles 30 include Mg, Al, Mn orZn, or a combination thereof, and more particularly may include pure Mgor a Mg alloy, and the coating 34 includes three layers 36A, 36B, 36C.The first layer 36A includes one or more of Al and Ni. The second layer36B includes an oxide, nitride, or carbide of one or more of Al, Zn, Mg,Mo, W, Cu, Fe, Si, Ca, Co, Ta, Re and Ni. The third layer 36C includesone or more of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni.

In another example embodiment, the particles 30 include commerciallypure Mg, and the coating 34 includes three layers 36A, 36B, 36C. Thefirst layer 36A comprises commercially pure Al, the second layer 36Bcomprises aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), and the third layer 36C comprisescommercially pure Al.

In another example embodiment, the particles 30 include Mg, Al, Mn orZn, or a combination thereof, and more particularly may include pure Mgor a Mg alloy, and the coating 34 includes four layers 36A, 36B, 36C,36D. The first layer 36A may include one or more of Al and Ni. Thesecond layer 36B includes an oxide, nitride, or carbide of one or moreof Al, Zn, Mg, Mo, W, Cu, Fe, Si, Ca, Co, Ta, Re and Ni. The third layer36C also includes includes an oxide, nitride, or carbide of one or moreof Al, Zn, Mg, Mo, W, Cu, Fe, Si, Ca, Co, Ta, Re and Ni, but has acomposition differing from that of the second layer 36B. The fourthlayer 36D may include one or more of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni.

The one or more layers 36A, 36B, . . . 36N of the coating 34 may bedeposited on the particles 30 using, for example, a chemical vapordeposition (CVD) process or a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process.Such deposition processes optionally may be carried out in a fluidizedbed reactor. Further, in some embodiments, the one or more layers 36A,36B, . . . 36N of the coating 34 may thermally treated (i.e., sintered,annealed, etc.) to promote the formation of a ceramic phase or anintermetallic phase from the various elements present in the coating 34after the deposition process.

The coating 34 may have an average total thickness of about two and onehalf microns (2.5 μm) or less. For example, the coating 34 may have anaverage total thickness of between about twenty five nanometers (25 nm)and about two and one half microns (2.5 μm). Further, although FIG. 5illustrates the coating 34 as having an average thickness that is asignificant percentage of the diameter of the particle 30, the drawingsare not to scale, and the coating 34 may be relatively thin compared tothe overall average diameter of the coated particles 32. FIG. 6 is amicrograph illustrating how the coated particles 32 may appear undermagnification. As shown therein, the coatings 34, which are the lightregions surrounding the particles 30 (the dark shaded regions), may havea thickness that is a relatively small percentage of the diameter of thecore particles 30.

Referring again to FIG. 2, after providing the powder including thecoated particles 32, the powder including the coated particles 32 may beconsolidated in action 102 by pressing and/or heating (e.g., sintering)the powder to form a solid three-dimensional body. The solidthree-dimensional body may comprise a billet having a generic shape,such as a block or cylinder. In other embodiments, the solidthree-dimensional body may have a relatively more complex geometry, andmay have a near-net shape like that of the body 16 of the casing shoe 10in some embodiments.

For example, the powder including the coated particles 32 may beconsolidated by pressing and heating the powder to form the solidthree-dimensional body. The pressing and heating processes may beconducted sequentially, or concurrently. For example, in someembodiments, the powder including the coated particles 32 may besubjected to at least substantially isostatic pressure in, for example,a cold isostatic pressing process. In additional embodiments, the powderincluding the coated particles 32 may be subjected to directionallyapplied (e.g., uniaxial, biaxial, etc.) pressure in a die or mold. Sucha process may comprise a hot-pressing process in which the die or mold,and the coated particles 32 contained therein, are heated to elevatedtemperatures while applying pressure to the coated particles 32. In someembodiments, a billet may be formed using a cold-isostatic pressingprocess, after which the billet may be subjected to a hot pressingprocess in which the billet is further compressed within a heated die ormold to consolidate the coated particles 32.

The consolidation process of action 102 may result in removal of theporosity within the powder, and may result in the formation of thecomposite material shown in FIG. 7 from the coated particles 32 of FIG.5. FIG. 8 is a micrograph showing how the microstructure of theresulting composite material may appear under magnification.

The consolidation process of action 102 may comprise a solid statesintereing process, wherein the coated particles 32 are sintered at asintering temperature T_(S) that is less than both the melting pointT_(p) of the particles 30 (and the metallic phase 26) and the meltingpoint T_(C) of the coating 34 (and the corrodible matrix phase 28).

Referring again to FIG. 2, in action 104, the three-dimensional bodyformed by the consolidation process of action 102 optionally may bemachined in action 104 to form the body 16 of the casing shoe 10 (FIGS.1A and 1B) as needed or desirable. For example, one or more of milling,drilling, and turning processes may be used to machine the body 16 ofthe casing shoe 10 as needed or desirable. Such machining processes maybe used to, for example, define the blades 22 and fluid courses 24 inthe body 16, to form cutting element pockets in the blades 22, and/or toform the connection structure 18.

Referring to FIG. 9, the casing shoe 10 optionally may include a shank40 having a first end 41A attached to the crown 12 and a second end 41Bthat may be adapted and used to couple the casing shoe 10 to a sectionof casing. In other words, the second end 41B of the shank 40 maycomprise the connection structure, as previously described in relationto the connection structure 18 of FIGS. 1A and 1B. The shank 40 maycomprise a material having a composition different from that of the body16 of the crown 12. For example, in some embodiments, the shank 40 maycomprise a steel alloy, such as those used to form wellbore casingsections. The crown 12 may be coupled to the shank 40 by, for example,providing cooperating, complementary threads on the crown 12 and theshank 40 and threading the crown 12 and the shank 40 together, bybrazing the crown 12 to the shank 40, and/or by welding the crown 12 tothe shank 40.

In some embodiments, the shank 40 may have a size and shape that allowsit to be adapted, after attachment to the crown 12, for coupling to awide variety of different casing configurations, as described in U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0252331 A1, published Oct. 7,2010 in the name of High et al., the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein in its entirety by this reference.

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an additional embodiment of a casing shoe50 of the disclosure. The casing shoe 50 is generally similar to thecasing shoe 10 previously described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B,and includes a crown 52. The crown 52, however, is configured forreaming a wellbore (rather than drilling a wellbore) when the crown 52is attached to a section of casing and the casing is advanced into awellbore. Thus, the crown 52 includes at least one cutting structure 54carried on a body 56 of the crown 52. For example, a plurality of PDCcutting elements and/or hardfacing deposits may be provided on the body56 of the crown 52 for use as cutting structures. The crown 52 alsoincludes connection structure 58 configured for attachment to a sectionof casing, which may be as previously described in relation to thecutting structure 18 of FIGS. 1A and 1B. At least a portion of the body56 of the crown 52 comprises a composite material that may beselectively corroded after using the casing shoe 50 for a period ofservice time, as previously described in relation to the compositematerial of the body 16 with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2 through 8.Thus, after using the crown 52 to ream a wellbore while casing on whichthe crown 52 is mounted is advanced into the wellbore, the body 56 ofthe crown 52 may be selectively corroded and degraded within thewellbore to allow additional casing sections and/or drill pipe to beinserted through the wellbore through and beyond the corroded anddegraded casing shoe 50. As shown in FIG. 11, the casing shoe 50 ofFIGS. 10A and 10B also may include a shank 40, as previously describedwith reference to FIG. 9.

Embodiments of the disclosure also include methods of casing a wellboreusing embodiments of casing shoes as disclosed herein, such as thecasing shoes 10, 50. FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an embodimentof a method that may be used to install casing within a wellbore using acasing shoe 10, 50 of the present disclosure. In action 200, a casingshoe 10, 50 may be mounted on an end of a section of casing. Theconnection structure 18, 58 of the casing shoe 10, 50 may be used tomechanically couple, weld, braze, or otherwise attach the casing shoe10, 50 to the end of the section of casing. In action 202, the casingwith the casing shoe 10, 50 attached to the distal end thereof isadvanced into the wellbore and used to drill and/or ream the wellboreand simultaneously line the wellbore with the casing to which the casingshoe 10, 50 is attached.

Once the casing has been advanced to a desirable location within theformation, drilling and/or reaming with the casing shoe 10, 50 may beceased, and the casing may be cemented in place. To cement the casing inplace, cement (not shown) or another curable material may be forcedthrough the interior of casing, through apertures in the crown 12, 52,and up through the annulus between the wall of wellbore and the outersurface of the casing, where it may be allowed to harden. Conventionalfloat equipment may be used for controlling and delivering the cementthrough the casing shoe 10, 50 and into the annulus between the wall ofthe wellbore and the casing. Cementing the casing in place within thewellbore may stabilize the wellbore and seal the subterranean formationspenetrated by the casing shoe 10, 50 and the casing.

With continued reference to FIG. 12, after the casing shoe 10, 50 hasbeen used to install the casing attached thereto within the wellbore, arate of corrosion of the casing shoe 10, 50 within the wellbore may beselectively increased in accordance with action 204. By way of exampleand not limitation, a salt and/or acid content within drilling fluidbeing pumped down the wellbore through the casing and the casing shoe10, 50 may be selectively increased. As previously described, the body16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50 may comprise a composite material mayhave a composition that will corrode when exposed to a salt solution(e.g., brine) and/or an acidic solution. Further, the corrosionmechanism may be or include an electrochemical reaction occurringbetween one or more reagents in the salt solution and/or acidic solution(i.e., a salt or an acid), and one or more elements of a corrodiblematrix phase 28 (FIG. 7) of the composite material. As a result of thereaction between the one or more reagents in the salt solution and/oracidic solution and one or more elements of the corrodible matrix phase28, the corrodible matrix phase 28 may degrade. Thus, the body 16, 56 ofthe casing shoe 10, 50 may be selectively corroded and degraded withinthe wellbore after using the casing shoe 10, 50 for a period of servicetime.

The selective increase in the rate of corrosion of the casing shoe 10,50 is further illustrated with reference to FIG. 13, which includes afirst graph (at the top of FIG. 13) generally illustrating the weightloss of the crown 12, 52 of the casing shoe 10, 50 as a function ofservice time of the casing shoe 10, 50, and a second graph (at thebottom of FIG. 13) generally illustrating the strength of the crown 12,52 of the casing shoe 10, 50 as a function of the service time of thecasing shoe 10, 50. An intended service time 70 is indicated in FIG. 13by a vertically extending dashed line. The intended service time 70 maybe a period of time over which the casing shoe 10, 50 should remainsufficiently strong so as to enable the casing shoe 10, 50 to be used todrill and/or ream a wellbore as a section of casing to which the casingshoe 10, 50 is attached is advanced into a wellbore, as previouslydescribed. The intended service time 70 may be the period of timerequired to position the casing to which the casing shoe 10, 50 isattached at an intended location within the wellbore. The rate at whichweight is lost from the casing shoe 10, 50 prior to the intended servicetime 70 (due, for example, to wear, erosion, and corrosion) isrepresented by the slope of the line to the left of the intended servicetime 70. As shown in FIG. 13, after the intended service time 70, therate at which the body 16, 56 corrodes within the wellbore may beselectively increased, such that the rate at which weight is lost fromthe casing shoe 10, 50 is higher, as represented by the higher slope ofthe line to the right of the intended service time 70. For example, asalt content and/or an acid content in the drilling fluid may beselectively increased at the intended service time 70 and maintained ata higher concentration thereafter until the casing shoe 10, 50 hassufficiently corroded.

The strength of the body 16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50 will decreaseas weight is lost from the body 16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50 due towear, erosion, and/or corrosion. As previously described, it may bedesirable to maintain a strength of the body 16, 56 of the casing shoe10, 50 above a threshold strength 72, until reaching the intendedservice time 70. By way of example and not limitation, the thresholdstrength 72 may be a compressive yield strength of at least about 250MPa, of even at least about 300 MPa. Once the intended service time 70is reached, however, it may be desirable to decrease the strength of thebody 16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50 below the threshold strength 72 soas to facilitate subsequently advancing an additional section of casingor drill pipe through the body 16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50. Thus,due to the increased rate of corrosion of the body 16, 56 of the casingshoe 10, 50, additional weight may be lost from the body 16, 56 of thecasing shoe 10, 50, resulting in a decrease in the strength of the body16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50 as shown in FIG. 13.

Referring again to FIG. 12, after corroding the body 16, 56 of thecasing shoe 10, 50, in action 206, an additional section of casing ordrill pipe may be advanced through the previously installed section ofcasing and through the corroded body 16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50 atthe end thereof. Thus, embodiments of the present invention may beemployed to enable drilling and/or reaming of additional sections of awellbore beyond previously installed sections of casing to which acasing shoe 10, 50 was attached and used to drill and/or ream a previoussection of the wellbore.

In additional embodiments of the disclosure, the corrodible compositematerials of the body 16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50 as describedherein may be used to form other components or features of the casingshoe 10, 50. For example, the corrodible composite materials may be usedto form nozzle bodies, cutting element substrates, and other types ofinserts that are carried by the body 16, 56 of the casing shoe 10, 50.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize and appreciate thatthe invention is not limited by the certain example embodimentsdescribed hereinabove. Rather, many additions, deletions andmodifications to the embodiments described herein may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention, which is defined by theappended claims and their legal equivalents. In addition, features fromone embodiment may be combined with features of another embodiment whilestill being encompassed within the scope of the invention ascontemplated by the inventors.

1. An earth-boring casing shoe, comprising: a crown configured for atleast one of drilling and reaming a wellbore when the crown is attachedto a section of casing and the casing is advanced into a wellbore, thecrown comprising: a body comprising a composite material, the compositematerial including a discontinuous metallic phase dispersed within acorrodible matrix phase, the metallic phase comprising a metal or metalalloy, the corrodible matrix phase comprising at least one of a ceramicand an intermetallic compound; and at least one cutting structurecarried on the body; and connection structure configured for attachmentto a section of casing.
 2. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein thecomposite material of the body has a compressive yield strength of atleast about 250 MPa.
 3. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein thecomposite material of the body has a compressive yield strength of atleast about 300 MPa.
 4. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein thediscontinuous metallic phase comprises nanoparticles of the metal ormetal alloy.
 5. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein the discontinuousmetallic phase comprises commercially pure magnesium or a magnesiumalloy.
 6. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein the corrodible matrixphase comprises at least one of magnesium, aluminum, nickel, and oxygen.7. The casing shoe of claim 6, wherein the corrodible matrix phasecomprises magnesium, oxygen, and at least one of nickel and aluminum. 8.The casing shoe of claim 7, wherein the corrodible matrix phasecomprises each of magnesium, aluminum, nickel, and oxygen.
 9. The casingshoe of claim 8, wherein the corrodible matrix phase comprises at leastfifty atomic percent (50 at %) magnesium.
 10. The casing shoe of claim6, wherein the corrodible matrix phase comprises at least about fiftyatomic percent (50 at %) magnesium, between zero atomic percent (0 at %)and about twenty atomic percent (20 at %) aluminum, between zero atomicpercent (0 at %) and about ten atomic percent (10 at %) nickel, andbetween zero atomic percent (0 at %) and about ten atomic percent (10 at%) oxygen.
 11. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein the corrodible matrixphase comprises at least one of magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, andnickel oxide.
 12. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein the corrodiblematrix phase is configured to corrode in at least one of a brinesolution and an acidic solution.
 13. The casing shoe of claim 1, whereinthe composite material has a density of about 2.5 gm/cm³ or less at roomtemperature.
 14. The casing shoe of claim 6, wherein the compositematerial has a density of about 2.0 gm/cm³ or less at room temperature.15. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein the connection structurecomprises a male or female threaded connector.
 16. The casing shoe ofclaim 1, wherein the connection structure comprises a surface configuredto abut against an end of a section of casing and to at least partiallydefine a weld groove.
 17. The casing shoe of claim 1, wherein the casingshoe comprises a casing bit or a casing reamer.
 18. A method of formingan earth-boring casing shoe, comprising: consolidating a powdercomprising metallic particles coated with at least one of a ceramic andan intermetallic compound to form a solid three-dimensional bodycomprising a discontinuous metallic phase dispersed within a corrodiblematrix phase, the metallic phase formed by the metallic particles, thecorrodible matrix phase comprising the at least one of a ceramic and anintermetallic compound of the coating on the metallic particles; andmachining the solid three-dimensional body to form a crown of theearth-boring casing shoe; and providing at least one cutting structureon the crown of the earth-boring casing shoe; and providing a connectionstructure configured for attachment to a section of casing on theearth-boring casing shoe.
 19. The method of claim 18, whereinconsolidating the powder comprises at least one of heating and pressingthe powder.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein at least one of heatingand pressing the powder comprises applying isostatic pressure to thepowder.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein at least one of heating andpressing the powder further comprises hot-pressing the powder afterapplying isostatic pressure to the powder.
 22. The method of claim 19,wherein at least one of heating and pressing the powder compriseshot-pressing the powder.
 23. The method of claim 18, further comprisingcoating the metallic particles with the at least one of a ceramic and anintermetallic compound to form the powder.
 24. A method of casing awellbore, comprising: mounting a casing shoe having at least one cuttingstructure on an end of a section of casing; advancing the section ofcasing with the casing shoe thereon into a wellbore; selectivelyincreasing a rate of corrosion of a body of the casing shoe within thewellbore to at least partially corrode the body of the casing shoe,selectively increasing the rate of corrosion of the body comprisingincreasing a rate of corrosion of a corrodible matrix phase comprisingat least one of a ceramic and an intermetallic compound in which ametallic phase is dispersed; and advancing an additional section ofcasing or drill pipe through the end of the section of casing and the atleast partially corroded body of the casing shoe.
 25. The method ofclaim 24, wherein selectively increasing a rate of corrosion of the bodyof the casing shoe within the wellbore comprises: increasing aconcentration of at least one of a salt and an acid within a drillingfluid; and flowing the drilling fluid through the body of the casingshoe.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein selectively increasing therate of corrosion of the body of the casing shoe within the wellbore toat least partially corrode the body of the casing shoe further comprisescorroding the body of the casing shoe using an electrochemical reaction.